[Toxicity evaluation of malathion, carbaryle and glyphosate in common carp fingerlings [Cyprinus carpio, linnaeus, 1758]]

Common carp [Cyprinus carpio] fishes during release into the rivers estuary of the Caspian southern basin are generally exposed to a broad spectrum of agricultural pesticides. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three agricultural pesticides including Malathion, Carbaryle and Glyphosate on C. carpio in lethal level by determining LC[50] 96h and sub-lethal levels via cholinesterase [ChE] activity. The median lethal concentration using a standard method which is called OECD No. 203 [1992], was measured. About 300 fingerlings with average weight of 2.0 +/- 0.4 g were randomly selected and were then exposed to each pesticide in three treatments [0.1, 0.2 LC[50] 96h and negative control] in three replications. 5, 10 and 15 days after the test period, sampling from the head and body of fishes was carried out. The ChE activity was assayed with biochemical method described by Ellman. The LC[50] 96h for three glyphosate, malathion and carbaryle pesticides were obtained as 6.75, 1.3 and 12.67 mg/L, respectively. The mean values of ChE for both head and body under control conditions were found 1241.356 and 723.103 mU/min/mg protein, respectively. Therefore, the ChE activity of head was 1.7 times more than the body. During the test period, inhibition activitiy of ChE was significantly observed in the fishes treated by any of three components in comparison with control [p<0.05]. The ChE inhibition potential by carbaryle and glyphosate was lower than malathion as compared with control. The exposure time concentration exhibited a significant effect compared to the fishes treated by the investigated pesticide types. The used pesticide concentrations for non-target species which were ineffective and permissible according to the lethality bioassay test can lead to their enzyme responses and bio-damages

Evaluación de riesgo por plaguicidas sobre aguas superficiales de la región norpatagónica argentina / Assessing pesticide hazards on surface water from the northern patagonian region argentina

Aunque el manejo integrado de plagas se aplica en forma creciente en la Región Norpatagónica, todavía una amplia gama de plaguicidas es utilizada con el fin de controlar apropiadamente las principales plagas agrícolas. Otros agroquímicos también son aplicados en las actividades industriales asociadas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar el impacto potencial causado por estos plaguicidas sobre los organismos acuáticos y para ello se utilizan datos bibliográficos de toxicidad aguda y resultados analíticos locales. Se utilizó un procedimiento escalonado, permitiendo la selección de aquellos xenobióticos ambientales que justificarían un estudio de ecotoxicidad posterior. Los residuos máximos de metil azinfos (S-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo[d]-[1,2,3]-triazin-3-ylmethyl)O,O-dimethyl phosphordithioate), indican la probabilidad de efectos agudos en el 37% de las especies estudiadas en el río, principalmente peces y zooplancton. Este valor se incrementa en los drenajes hasta un 42%. En el caso del carbaril (1-napthylmethylcarbamate) los residuos encontrados en drenajes afectarían al 14% de las especies estudiadas, mientras que en el río el impacto es despreciable.

Although the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is increasingly being applied in the Northern Patagonia Region, different pesticides are still used in order to properly control agricultural pests. Other agrochemicals are also applied in the agriculture associated activities like conservation and packaging industries. The potential impact caused by these pesticides on aquatic organisms is assessed in the present study by means of acute toxicity data available in the literature and local analytical results. A tiered procedure was used allowing the selection of those environmental xenobiotics that need further ecotoxicity studies. The observed maximum residues of azinphos-methyl, (S-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo[d]-[1,2,3]-triazin-3-ylmethyl) O,O-dimethyl phosphordithioate), indicate the probability of acute effects in 37 % of the studied species in the river, mainly fish and zooplankton.This value increased in drainage channels samples up to 42 %. Additionally, carbaryl (1-napthylmethylcarbamate) residues foundin drainage channels affect 14 % of the studied species, while in the river samples the impact was negligible.

Immunotoxicity of carbaryl in chicken.

Effect of methyl carbonate pesticide, carbonyl, was studied on macrophage functions, lymphocyte proliferation and delayed type hypersensitivity response. Sixteen adult chicken, vaccinated against Newcaslte disease, were procured and randomly divided in two experimental groups. Chicken of group I served as control, while group II birds were given carbaryl at 20 ppm (No observable effect level, NOEL) in feed for 3 months. To measure the functional activity of phagocytic cells, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was performed on peripheral blood leucocytes. Concanvalin A (Con-A) and lipopolysaccharide stimulated proliferation of T and B lymphocytes was assessed using MTT dye method. At the end of experiment, the phagocytic capacities of macrophages were significantly reduced in carbaryl treated group. Lymphocyte proliferation responses to Con-A and LPS were (23 and 28%, respectively lower) in chicken fed with carbaryl. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin was reduced to 77% of control values indicating inhibition of cell mediated immune response. The present study suggested of immunosuppressive effect of (NOEL dose carbaryl) in chicken.

Biossensor amperométrico para detecção screening de inseticidas carbamatos em águas de abastecimento / Amperometric biosensor to detect screening of carbamate insecticides in drinking water

Biossensor amperométrico, baseado em enzimas colinesterases (AChE) imobilizadas em eletrodo do tipo screen-printing, foi utilizados na investigação de teores de pesticidas carbamatos (carbofuran e carbaril) em amostras de águas de abastecimento. Inicialmente, efetuou-se o estudo dos constantes de inibição dos pesticidas carbaril (1x10 elevado à sétima potência) e carbofuran (5x10 elevado à quarta potência). Utilizou-se sistema com eletrodo de dois canais, composto de grafite modificada com TCNQ e Ag/AgCl, como eletrodos de trabalho e referência, respectivamente. Dois processos, visando otimização do biossensor. A metodologia de fotopolimerização com álcool polivinílico modificado com grupos estirilpiridínicos (PVS-SbQ) e a de glutaraldeido foram selecionadas para o estudo, sendo que a imobilização com PVS-SbQ apresentou melhores resultados (CV=6,5por cento). Curvas analíticas foram plotadas após os ensaios de inibição com os pesticidas e os limites de detecção (LD) determinados. Carbaril apresentou curva linear (LD de 18 ug L -1), enquanto o carbofuran demonstrou curva com comportamento logarítmico (LD de 0,05 ug L-1). Para avaliar a precisão, amostras de água de abastecimento foram fortificadas com os pesticidas estudados em três níveis de fortificação. As recuperações variaram de 93,3 por cento a 102,7 por cento. Os biossensores a base de AChE atenderam às exigências analíticas para a direta aplicação de sensores descartáveis em amostras reais

Toxicological potential to mice of 14C-arbaryl bound residues in faba and soybeans

Sound faba and soybeans were treated with 14C-carbaryl at a dose of 16 mg insecticide/kg grains and stored under local conditions. After 30 weeks of storage the amount of surface residues was 29%, 27% and the internal residues amounted to 56%, 60% in faba and soybeans, respectively. 14C-Bound residues [non-extractable] after 30 weeks of storage was 5% and 6% in faba and soybeans, respectively. Feeding mice for 3 months with a diet containing 14C-carbaryl bound residues in faba and soybeans revealed that these residues have a slight effect and no significant symptoms of toxicity towards mice were observed. A slight inhibition in both plasma and erythrocyte-cholinesterase activity was clear during the first 2 weeks of the experiment with both seeds. Haematological studies showed only a significant decrease in the white blood cell counts as compared with the control mice. The level of blood serum esterases showed a slight increase in liver and kidney functions as compared with controls. Significant differences were clear in kidney function where blood urea nitrogen was increased by [45%, 58%], and creatinine level was elevated by [20%,28%] after 3 months of feeding with faba and soybeans, respectively